levels during and after the intervention. There are several types of single-case designs; however, at ISPP, students using this type of design often rely on audio recordings, transcripts, and external observers' ratings as data sources. Social Systems Research Designs Evaluation research, survey approaches, and sociological approaches designed to assess a system are also appropriate for dissertations. Many commonly used data analysis methods, such as multiple regression, are particularly compatible with studying social systems. ISPP encourages students to study and understand how social systems influence the individual and vice versa, and students may design and execute dissertations of this type in local settings. • Case Study Dissertations This type of dissertation focuses on describing an innovative approach to treatment and conceptualization of an individual case. The project should begin with a review of the literature related to the main focus. The review should be comprehensive and include an integration of material that both assists in understanding the case dynamics and supports the author's views concerning the specific treatment approach and case conceptualizations. A detailed description of a case study should be provided, but the study is not simply a case formulation. Rather, it is a detailed explication that can provide other clinicians with new understanding and skills to treat similar clients. The study should include indications and contra- indications regarding the application of the theory and approach.
Finally, the author should present unanswered questions and implications for future research related to the specific focus of the study.
Theoretical Dissertations This type of dissertation must include a new (or uniquely adapted) clinical theory that is based on an extensive review of significant literature and research conducted by the student that applies the student’s theory (e.g., qualitative research with participants who have a philosophical and/or spiritual orientation and a specific clinical condition; or a quantitative meta-analysis of existing literature or database to identify empirical support for a new or adapted theory). Theoretical studies are distinguished from literature reviews in that they evaluate existing empirical evidence as it pertains to psychological theory, and use that evidence to support, modify, or refute existing theories. Ultimately, it is expected that such work will propose a new theory. The new theory is expected to make clear predictions that account for gaps and inconsistencies in the current literature. Evidence for these predictions should be provided from the existing empirical literature and the student’s research.
In general, it is expected that such a task will not be appropriate for the vast majority of students.
The Dissertation Process and Planning
After completing the Dissertation Proposal Development Seminar, students will be required to
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